The Kardashev Scale
<p>The Kardashev scale ranks the technological capabilities of a civilization based on its ability to manipulate and exploit energy. It was developed by Russian astronomer Nikolai Semenovich Kardashev in 1964 as a way to measure a civilization’s technological advancement based on its usable energy. The scale has three types that correspond to the ability to fully manage the energy resources of a planet, star, and galaxy. Other astronomers have expanded the scale to include type IV and type V civilizations.</p>
<p>Currently, humanity is considered a type 0 civilization, as we still rely on energy sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas. According to Carl Sagan, in 2012, our civilization was at 0.72 on the scale. It is estimated that we will reach type I in 100–200 years, type II in 11,200 years, and type III in 100,000 to 1,000,000 years.</p>
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