In 1992, Kevin Kelly’s book ‘Out of Control: the New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World’ attempted to throw light on the new era of complexity brought on by the synergy of computers, networks, and human evolution. In the book’s introduction, Kelly sat inside the Biosphere 2 project (a closed ecological system in Oracle, Arizona) and reflected:
“The realm of the born — all that is nature — and the realm of the made — all that is humanly constructed — are becoming one. Machines are becoming biological and the biological is becoming engineered …Clockwork logic — the logic of the machines — will only build simple contraptions. Truly complex systems such as a cell, a meadow, an economy, or a brain (natural or artificial) require a rigorous nontechnological logic.”