Solving Common Variations of the Gaussian Integral

We will begin with perhaps the most basic variation on the Gaussian integral:

Where a > 0.

While the method for solving this integral will be the exact same as the standard Gaussian integral, I wanted to cover this since I will be using the result for the other integrals.

All we have to do is use the same polar coordinates method as before, but make use of the u-substitution of = -ar² instead of u = -r²:

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