Does Long Commute Affect GDP?

In many parts of the world, especially in developing countries, the central business districts (CBD) are often located in a dense area, with residential areas sprawling across the city’s metropolitan area. In Jakarta, for example, the Sudirman Central Business District (SCBD) is the centre for various multinational companies, attracting employees from all over the Greater Jakarta Region, namely Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi. Employees living on the perimeter of Jakarta would have to rely on public transport, especially considering the road traffic and odd-even license plate policy. The high volume of commuters resulted in congested trains and buses. Sleep deprivation and fatigue has a huge economic impact. It is estimated that reductions in productivity and motivation, along with health care cost related to fatigue cost US companies around USD136.4 billion annually (<a href="https://www.sleepfoundation.org/sleep-hygiene/good-sleep-and-job-performance" rel="noopener ugc nofollow" target="_blank">Sleep Foundation, 2023</a>). <a href="https://medium.com/@cynthia.wardhana/does-long-commute-affect-gdp-4ec445872f7d">Read More</a>